科学技术哲学研究

休谟指出事实命题与价值命题具有不同的性质，因而从其中一种命题得出另一种命题的推理过程受到质疑，本文称之为“浅层的‘是-应该’问题”。然而，该问题一旦得以解决，出现在同一推理中的事实命题和价值命题之真是否具有单义性的问题便浮出水面，本文称之为“深层的‘是-应该’问题”。浅层的“是-应该”问题有弱化和强化之分。普特南关于“事实与价值的缠结”观点是对该问题的弱化，并为该问题之解决提供了某种启示。然而，强化的“是-应该”问题以“囚徒困境”的方式仍然存在，我们借助系统功利主义的观点对之加以解决。最后，我们从功能主义真理论的立场出发，对深层的“是-应该”问题提出一种解决方案。无论系统功利主义伦理学还是功能主义真理论都是以系统本体论为基础的。

Hume pointed out that fact-propositions and value-propositions have different properties, so the inference process of deriving one proposition from another is questioned, which is called “shallow ‘is-ought' problem” in this paper. However, once this problem is solved, another question comes to the surface, i.e., whether the truth of fact-propositions and value-propositions in the same inference is univocal, which is called “deep ‘is-ought' problem” in this paper. The shallow “is-ought” problem can be weakened or strengthened. Putnam's view on the entanglement of fact and value is a weakening of this problem, which offers some insight to solve this problem. However, the strengthened “is-ought” problem still exists in the form of “prisoner's dilemma”, which we settle according to the perspective of system utilitarianism. Finally, from the standpoint of functionalist theory of truth, we propose a solution to the deep “is-ought” problem. Both system utilitarian ethics and functionalist theory of truth are grounded in system ontology.